【《世界古代史》课程拓展】希罗多德看见的埃及祭司木像：“勒格兰雕像窖藏”（Legrain-cache)
A.B.Lloy的希罗多德第二卷注释：
κολόσσους ξυλίνους ... ἀπείρας αὐτοῖς：在埃及的大多数（如果不是全部）神庙中，都能找到大量由不同材质制成的雕像。因为个人可以获得特许，将自己的一尊或多尊雕像置于神庙中，作为葬祭安排的一部分。
人们认为，这些雕像可以共享献给神的供品，因此亡者在来世也不会缺乏供养（参见 Sethe, Lesestücke, 第94页，及 BAR I, 第261页；de Buck, Reading Book, 第73页；Anthes, Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub, 第24组，第54页及以下）。
卡纳克（Karnak）自然拥有数量极多的此类雕像，其中最壮观的一批是勒格兰（Legrain）发现的“勒格兰雕像窖藏”（Legrain-cache，参见 Legrain, Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes. Statues et Statuettes de Rois et de Particuliers, I–III）。许多雕像是祭司像，包括大祭司（同上，第III卷，第1页及以下），而且不少雕像带有家谱铭文（Legrain, RT 27(1905), 第61页及以下）。
也出土过木制雕像（例如 CGC I, 第55页, 编号42095），但大多数是石制的。
因此，赫卡泰俄斯与希罗多德所见的雕像群极有可能就包括在这一窖藏中（参见 Sourdille, op. cit., 第196页）。
数据库网址：https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bases/cachette/about
Georges Legrain made an extraordinary discovery in 1903 in the north-west section of the courtyard in front of the Seventh Pylon at Karnak, which had already revealed architectural elements dating from the Middle and New Kingdoms. Over 700 statues in stone, 17000 in bronze and many other artefacts were unearthed during an excavation made difficult due to the infiltrations from the watertable. The work lasted until 1907 and most of the statues ended up in the Cairo Museum. Apart from a certain number of royal effigies from various periods, the statues, which date from the New Kingdom up to the end of the Ptolemaic period, portray priests occupying various functions in Karnak. For this reason, the "cachette" is an extraordinary source of information on the clergy and the ritualistic evolution of Karnak. Genealogies can be reconstituted from the statues of various generations from the same Theban families. The value of this find in terms of the history of art is just as important since a large number of different types of statue are present. Moreover, many small objects of various kinds (stelae, inlay plaques, amulets, votives cubits, etc.) were found by Legrain during these excavations.
Surprisingly for such an important discovery, this corpus of statues and various other objects is still only partially known. Unfortunately, Legrain’s excavation diaries, containing a list of finds (each one bearing a K-number), have never been recovered. Although catalogues of statues have been published by Legrain and more recently by other scholars, there are still many statues, especially in the basement of the Cairo Museum, which are not even mentioned in the Egyptological literature. Furthermore, since the index of the Porter & Moss II, 2nd ed., though still valuable, is now out of date, it is very difficult for Egyptologists to quickly find bibliographical references concerning the objects in this corpus. The recent book on G. Legrain's work at Karnak, published by M. Azim & G. Reveillac, gives an excellent update but only a part of the objects is treated. Furthermore, a comprehensive view of the Cachette is difficult to obtain as some objects found there by Legrain are now on display in provincial museums all around Egypt or kept in foreign museums or collections.
For these reasons, a database project on the Karnak Cachette was launched at the IFAO in 2006. The aims of this project were to : to create a scientific database, including all the objects which come from the Karnak Cachette ; to set up photographic documentation concerning the Karnak Cachette, by numbering archives in the current collections and taking additional photographs ; to describe each object and give the museographical, epigraphical, prosopographical data and complete bibliography in relation to it ; and to make the database available on the web.
A protocol of cooperation was signed in April 2008 between the Supreme Council of Antiquities, represented by its Secretary General, Dr. Zahi Hawass, and the IFAO, represented by its director, Dr. Laure Pantalacci. A scientific committee, chaired by Professor Ali Radwan, has been created to supervise the work. The cooperation between the two institutions has lead to the publication of this database on the web.
(Letter from G. Legrain to G. Maspero, June, 2. 1904. Institut de France, Ms 4027, f° 351)
(Page from the manuscripts of Legrain kept in the Cairo Museum)
Sources for the history of Legrain's discovery
The sources which are used to reconstruct the history of Legrain's discovery are :
Excavations reports (published in the ASAE, etc.)
Letters of G. Legrain : the letters sent by G. Legrain to G. Maspero are kept in the Institut de France (a copy of the microfilms was given to Laurent Coulon and Emmanuel Jambon by M. Azim with the kind permission of Prof. J. Leclant, permanent secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres).
Photographs taken by Legrain (most of them have been published and commented by M. Azim and G. Réveillac)
Squeezes made by Legrain and now kept in the Franco-Egyptian Centre (inventory under process by L. Coulon)
Registers of the Cairo Museum : a collaboration with the Egyptian Museum Database project (directed by J. Kamrin) has allowed us to have access to the inventories of the Cairo Museum (Journal d'Entrée, Temporary Register) and to add many objects to the corpus. Moreover, a number of objects kept in the basement of the Cairo Museum, mainly fragments or badly weathered statues, still totally unknown and without JE or T.R. number, were found listed in the Special Register of this section with the mention "Karnak Cachette". The work on these objects has been made possible through the very efficient collaboration of Miss Sabbah Abd-el-Raziq, in charge of this section of the museum.
Manuscripts of G. Legrain's Catalogue général, kept in the Cairo Museum. They are files prepared by G. Legrain, with additions and corrections by Ch. Kuentz, for his publication of the volume IV of the Catalogue Général "Statues et statuettes". Around 240 objects are recorded and prepared for publication. Precious information is given concerning the date of discovery of each statue. In January 2009, these papers were photographed through the kind cooperation of Mr. Sayed Hassan.
All these sources are now available to us but an essential element is still missing : the list of the Karnak Cachette Objects established by G. Legrain himself (his "Journal de Fouilles"), that is mentioned several times in old reports and registers.
Photographic documentation
More than -8000 photographs have been recorded up to now (January 2012). Here are the main institutions which keep these photographs (see also the sources quoted by M. Azim and G. Réveillac) :
Franco-Egyptian Centre at Karnak (CFEETK): About 70-80 clichés of statues and general views of the excavations made by Legrain are kept in the archives of the Franco-Egyptian Centre.
Brooklyn Museum: Corpus of Late Egyptian Sculpture
The aim of the Corpus of Late Egyptian Sculpture created in 1950 by B. v. Bothmer, H.-W. Müller and H. De Meulenaere was to record, document and research royal and private statuary of the Late Period. Each item (= sculpture or fragment) was numbered (ex: CLES 1350) and carefully described and photographed. The photographs are now kept at the Brooklyn Museum (including photos taken by Bothmer and old photos from the Cairo Museum or various other sources).
Up to 450 statues from the Karnak Cachette were included in the Corpus. Through the kind collaboration of Dr. R. Fazzini, curator of the Brooklyn Museum, and the agreement of Dr. Wafaa el-Saddik, director of the Egyptian Museum at Cairo, an IFAO team (L. Coulon and I. Guermeur) was allowed to reproduce the documentation concerning these statues.
Around 5000 photographs were scanned at the Brooklyn Museum in October-November 2006. The scans have been treated by the photographers at the IFAO, registered and included in the database.IFAO: During the last 25 years, some objects coming from the Cachette were photographed at the Cairo Museum by A. Lecler and J.-Fr. Gout for different publications (articles, catalogues, etc.) and more than 250 photographs of Karnak Cachette objects were then stored in the Orphea-database of the IFAO archives. Moreover, since May 2008, a large project of documentation has been launched in cooperation with the Cairo Museum in order to record the objects which had not been so far properly photographed. More than 400 objects have been included so far in the IFAO archives (with a copy given to the SCA) in 2008-2010.
DAIK: Among the many photographs kept in the 'Fotothek' of the German Institute in Cairo (DAIK), around 80 of them are photos of statues from the Cachette. With the kind assistance of Dr. D. Raue, an inventory of these photographs has been made by L. Coulon and some of them were scanned.
Karnak Cachette Database, version 1: the inventory of the Cachette (since November 2009)
The first version of the database gives for each object a general description (with dimensions, material, date, etc.), a small photograph, its different registration numbers and a bibliography (which is not exhaustive).
Bibliographical references are ordered according to the nature of information they provide (without any quality assesment) : 1. Full publication of the object ; 2. Partial publication with photograph; 3. Partial publication without photograph or hieroglyphic transcription and translation ; 4. Mention with photograph or commentary; 5. Simple mention.
Additional remarks concerning the K number attributed to the object or other issues are added (without translation). The authors hope that this new tool, while still imperfect, will be a useful instrument for scholars working on objects found in the Cachette.
Important remark: All the objects bearing a "K number" given by Legrain are included in the database, but a few of them do not come from the Cachette ('H.C." = hors cachette).
Karnak Cachette Database, version 2, providing access to the photographic documentation (since January 2012)
Version 2 of the Karnak Cachette Database provides access to the photographic documentation collected during the project (around 8000 photographs in January 2012). For each record, a gallery of vignettes is displayed under the title "Photographic documentation", after "Bibliography". By clicking on a vignette, the full page (but low resolution) photograph will appear. As a first step, the photographs available on-line are those of the objects kept in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (scanned from the CLES photographs or taken during our campaigns at the Museum in 2008-2010).
A third version of the database is currently being prepared. It will include more detailed prosopographical data, which will be searchable through a XML/TEI corpus of the inscriptions (developed by Vincent Razanajao).
Copyrights
The scientific property of the whole database belongs to both the Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale and the Supreme Council of Antiquities. In the case of photographs taken from collections outside Egypt, copyright belongs to the institution which owns the collection.
For reproduction of photographs, authorization must be obtained first from the Cairo Museum (egyptianmuseum@hotmail.com) or the museum or institution concerned, then from the IFAO. For further information, please contact cachette@ifao.egnet.net.
Design of the Database
The database structure is bilingual and data is recorded bilingually: in French and English. Searches may be conducted in both languages. Additional remarks are written in French only.
The database was constructed using FileMakerPro software; for the web-accessed version the open-source PostgreSQL database was used and PHP language was employed within a database publication framework, developed for the IFAO website.
Help Options
For most of the keywords fields (locations, kind of object, material, period , dynasty, reign, authors), with a limited set of values, you can rebound on the value. By clicking on the link for any desired value, you will get all the references containing mention for this value.
Transliteration input (unicode) : use the Translittération IFAO keyboard.
A cookie file with uniquely French or English language selections will permit you to retain these selections for your next visit.
Abbreviations for periodicals and series used in the database can be consulted in the PDF file: Abreviations.pdf.
Activate Javascript in your web navigator in order to be able to use the multiple criteria search tool.
Search Examples
The database structure permits simple searches by one criterion and cross searches in two or more fields, e.g.
How to cite this database?
Each object is uniquely identified by the CK number. Please use this number to cite an object of the database (don't use the K number), like this (example CK = 123):
/Karnak Cachette Database/123 or /B-CK/123
The URL of each object is mentioned at the end of it's page. In this case, we'll use:
http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bases/cachette/?id=123
The photographs are to be referred to by their IFAO number mentioned in the caption (ex : IFAO NU_2006_6953).
Contacts
Authors : Laurent COULON (University of Lyon-CNRS / HISOMA - UMR 5189) laurent.coulon AT mom.fr / Emmanuel JAMBON (Collège de France, Paris), nesheny AT yahoo.fr
IT responsibility: Christian Gaubert (IFAO, IT service) cgaubert AT ifao.egnet.net
We will be grateful for comments and remarks that will help us to improve and enlarge the database.
Acknowledgments and credits
Laurent Coulon and Emmanuel Jambon wish to thank for their encouragements, support and collaboration :
His excellency Dr. Zahi Hawass, Vice Minister of Culture , Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt.
The director of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Prof. Laure Pantalacci.
The members of the scientific committee of the Karnak Cachette Project : Prof. Dr. Aly Radwan (president), Mr Sabry Abdel Aziz, Dr. Wafa' el-Saddik, Dr. Gihane Zaki, Dr. L. Pantalacci, Miss Sabah Abdel Razzik, M. Hisham el-Leithy, Miss Safa' Abdel Moneim.
The director of the Cairo Museum, Dr. Wafa' el-Saddik, and all the curators and employees of the Cairo Museum.
Dr. Richard Fazzini and Mary McKercher at the Brooklyn Museum.
The directors of the Franco-Egyptian Center at Karnak: Prof. Dr. Aly Radwan, M. Mansour Boreik, Mr. E. Laroze, Dr. Chr. Thiers, Prof. D. Valbelle and M. Ibrahim Soliman, director of the Karnak Temple.
Dr. Janice Kamrin, director of the Egyptian Museum Database project.
Prof. J. Leclant, Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.
Dr. Ivan Guermeur (Univ. Tübingen)
Dr. D. Raue (DAIK).
and many colleagues : Dr. Dorothy Arnold, Dr. Sobhy Ashour, Mr. Michel Azim, Dr. Helmut Brandl, Prof. Herman De Meulenaere, Dr. Luc Gabolde, Dr. Marc Gabolde, Dr. Marsha Hill, Dr. Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Dr. David Klotz, Mr. John MacDonald, Dr. Olivier Perdu, Dr. Elsa Rickal, Mrs. Cynthia Sheikholeslami, Dr. Hassan Selim, Dr. Hourig Sourouzian, Mrs May Trad.
Direction of the project
Laurent Coulon (Université de Lyon - CNRS, Hisoma, UMR 5189)
Authors
Laurent Coulon, Emmanuel Jambon
Scientific collaboration
Frédéric Payraudeau (IFAO)
Sabbah Abd el-Raziq (Cairo Museum)
Nicolas Sartori (Univ. Bâle)
Campbell Price (Univ. Liverpool).
Conception of the website
Christian Gaubert, with the collaboration of Mohamed Ashour (IFAO)
Photographic documentation
Alain Lecler, Ihab Mohamed, Mohamed Ibrahim (IFAO) and Gaël Pollin
Relations with the SCA
Rémi Desdames, Rose Milek (IFAO)
IFAO Archives
Nadine Cherpion, Gonzague Halfants and Nevine Kamal (IFAO)